You got it! TLDR the usual process is a twisted web - but if someone raises enough hell about it they’ll find the funds.
In the US - especially the last infrastructure act (weak as it was) - there’s a prioritization of accessibility - so that includes updates to street infrastructure, public spaces, parks etc. It gets to be a pain depending on how much red tape is around “what funding gets allocated for what project type?” - usually based on the tax base and the user base. Cities can reliably fund small projects in their capital plans and should have the specific knowledge of current conditions to alter those plans accordingly (ie if something breaks, or if enough people raise hell and things need to get addressed quicker) but that takes time and has pretty rigid guard rails wrt available funds from the tax base.
From there it’s a mess of whether counties/parishes, regions, states, federal, private (🤮) foot the bill, and what sort of process you go through to get those funds - typically processes, like grants, are competitive with other municipalities - so it pays to regionalize. The coordination takes time but makes you more competitive cost-benefit-wise.)
And all of that is dependent on a low level bureaucrat ( ) being aware enough of the problem to pursue those funds. Or if there’s enough money involved (read landowners), higher level bureaucrats ( ) will get involved sooner, and the solutions will likely be more holistic and grandiose.
You got it! TLDR the usual process is a twisted web - but if someone raises enough hell about it they’ll find the funds.
In the US - especially the last infrastructure act (weak as it was) - there’s a prioritization of accessibility - so that includes updates to street infrastructure, public spaces, parks etc. It gets to be a pain depending on how much red tape is around “what funding gets allocated for what project type?” - usually based on the tax base and the user base. Cities can reliably fund small projects in their capital plans and should have the specific knowledge of current conditions to alter those plans accordingly (ie if something breaks, or if enough people raise hell and things need to get addressed quicker) but that takes time and has pretty rigid guard rails wrt available funds from the tax base.
From there it’s a mess of whether counties/parishes, regions, states, federal, private (🤮) foot the bill, and what sort of process you go through to get those funds - typically processes, like grants, are competitive with other municipalities - so it pays to regionalize. The coordination takes time but makes you more competitive cost-benefit-wise.)
And all of that is dependent on a low level bureaucrat (
) being aware enough of the problem to pursue those funds. Or if there’s enough money involved (read landowners), higher level bureaucrats ( 
) will get involved sooner, and the solutions will likely be more holistic and grandiose.